Apparatuses, integrated circuits, and methods for measuring leakage current

ABSTRACT

Methods, apparatuses, and integrated circuits for measuring leakage current are disclosed. In one such example method, a word line is charged to a first voltage, and a measurement node is charged to a second voltage, the second voltage being less than the first voltage. The measurement node is proportionally coupled to the word line. A voltage on the measurement node is compared with a reference voltage. A signal is generated, the signal being indicative of the comparison. Whether a leakage current of the word line is acceptable or not can be determined based on the signal.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/282,308, filed Oct. 26, 2011, U.S. Pat. No. 8,634,264 issued on Jan.21, 2014. This application and patent are incorporated by referenceherein in their entirety and for all purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments of the invention relate generally to integrated circuits,and more particularly, in one or more of the illustrated embodiments, tomeasuring leakage current in integrated circuits.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

With the increasing popularity of electronic devices, such as laptopcomputers, portable digital assistants, digital cameras, mobile phones,digital audio players, video game consoles and the like, nonvolatilememory usage has continued to increase. Nonvolatile memories come invarious types, including flash memories. Flash memories are widely usedfor information storage in electronic devices such as those mentionedabove and others.

In conventional flash memories, data is stored in an array of individualmemory cells, each of which includes a charge storage structure, such asa charge trap or floating gate. Generally speaking, with floating gatecells, each of the memory cells has two gates. One gate, the controlgate, is analogous to the gate in a MOSFET. The other gate, the floatinggate, is insulated all around by an oxide layer and is coupled betweenthe control gate and the substrate. Because the floating gate isinsulated by an oxide layer, any electrons placed on it (e.g., bytunneling) get trapped there and thereby enable the storage of data.More specifically, when electrons are stored on the floating gate, theirpresence modifies, by partially canceling out, the electric fieldgenerated when a voltage is provided to the control gate. This resultsin the modification of the threshold voltage of the channel of the cell,since a higher voltage on the control gate is needed to enable anelectrical current to flow between the source and the drain of the cellas compared with what would be needed if there were no electrons storedon the floating gate. If the number of electrons stored on the floatinggate is sufficiently large, the resulting modified threshold voltagewill inhibit electrical current from flowing between the source and thedrain when the normal operating voltage is provided to the control gate.Hence, in a typical flash memory cell that stores a single bit of data,electrical current will either flow or not flow when a memory cell isbeing read by providing a voltage on the control gate, depending on thenumber of electrons on the floating gate. The flow or no flow ofelectrical current, in turn, translates to a stored bit of data having avalue of 1 or 0, respectively. Some flash memories (or othernon-volatile storage devices) include multi-level cells, where a singlecell is configured to store multiple bits of data by programming thememory cell to one of more than two data states (e.g., where each of thedata states corresponds to respective ranges of threshold voltages).

In the pursuit of greater storage capacity in ever smaller chips, flashmemory density has been increasing over the years, in part due to thedown scaling of the memory cell dimensions. The continued down scalingof electronic devices has created many challenges and opportunities,among them the quest for an ultra-thin gate oxide. One problem thatsometimes results from a thin gate oxide is leakage current. Forexample, when the oxide layer surrounding the floating gate of a flashmemory cell is very thin, electrons stored on the floating gate may leakout (e.g., from the floating gate to the control gate and the word linethat is coupled to the control gate, and eventually to ground), thuschanging the originally stored bit of data having a value of 0, forexample, into a bit of data having a value of 1.

The continued down scaling of electronic devices also tends to decreasethe physical separation of components on an integrated circuit chip. Forexample, in a memory device, the tight word line to word line pitch mayincrease the possibility of leakage current from one word line toanother. This may particularly be true in flash-type memories where oneword line is charged to a high voltage (e.g., 10V) while the neighboringword lines and other components remain at a lower voltage (e.g., 0V,2.3V, 5V, etc.). The high voltage may be generated in a voltage source(e.g., a charge pump or a voltage shifter) circuit and may be providedto a word line in a flash memory array to, for example, program one ormore memory cells coupled to the word line. The world line charged to ahigh voltage may therefore induce leakage current to adjacent word linesand/or to other nearby components of the flash memory device. Althoughsome leakage current can be tolerated in some cases, leakage currentabove a certain threshold may improperly alter the operation of somedevices. If, for example, a particular word line in a flash memory arrayhas a leakage path to a neighboring word line, the leaked current mayalter the data stored in the floating gates of the neighboring wordline. As another example, excessive leakage current may increase thepower consumed (and thus the heat generated) by an integrated circuitchip.

In order to identify unacceptable leakage current levels (including thetypes of leakage current mentioned briefly above, and others), someintegrated circuit chips may be tested during manufacturing. In a flashmemory device, for example, a leakage current test may be conducted tomeasure the leakage current on each of the word lines to determinewhether the leakage current from each word line is above a certainthreshold and thus unacceptable.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a word line leakage circuit accordingto an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a word line leakage measurement systemaccording to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating the operation of a word lineleakage measurement system according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating the operation of a word lineleakage measurement system according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5A is a timing diagram illustrating the operation of a word lineleakage measurement system according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5B is a timing diagram illustrating the operation of a word lineleakage measurement system according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6A is a schematic diagram of a word line leakage circuit accordingto an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6B is a schematic diagram of a compensation circuit according to anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a memory with a word line leakagemeasurement system according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of portions of a memory with a word lineleakage measurement system according to an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Certain details are set forth below to provide a sufficientunderstanding of embodiments of the invention. However, it will be clearto one skilled in the art that embodiments of the invention may bepracticed without these particular details. Moreover, the particularembodiments of the present invention described herein are provided byway of example and should not be used to limit the scope of theinvention to these particular embodiments. In other instances,well-known circuits, control signals, timing protocols, and softwareoperations have not been shown in detail in order to avoid unnecessarilyobscuring the invention.

FIG. 1 illustrates an apparatus including a word line leakage circuit110 according to an embodiment of the invention. The apparatus mayinclude several word line leakage circuits 110, and in some embodimentsmay include a word line leakage circuit for each word line. The wordline leakage circuits 110 in the apparatus may be configured to test forword line leakage current during, for example, a manufacturingverification process. Each word line leakage circuit 110 may be coupledto a respective word line WL<X> 102 through a switch 112 in the wordline leakage circuit. The switch 112 coupling each word line WL<X> 102to its respective word line leakage circuit 110 may in some embodimentsbe an n-channel field effect transistor (nFET), and may receive acontrol signal V_(HV2) at a control node that enables or disables theswitch. In other embodiments, the switch 112 may be a p-channel fieldeffect transistor (pFET), a transmission gate, or a switching element.The control signal V_(HV2) may be an active high voltage signal and maybe generated, for example, in a voltage source. When the V_(HV2) signalis active (at, e.g., 15V for the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1), itmay be some threshold above the maximum voltage that word line WL<X> 102is charged to during a programming operation (e.g., 10V).

Each word line WL<X> 102 may be coupled to a proportioning circuit 120of the word line leakage circuit 110 through the switch 112. Theproportioning circuit 120 may in some embodiments include twocapacitances 122, 124. The first capacitance 122 may couple the wordline WL<X> to a measurement node DET<X>, while the second capacitance124 may couple the measurement node DET<X> to a reference voltage node,such as ground. The proportioning circuit may act as a capacitivevoltage divider, proportioning the voltage on the measurement nodeDET<X> to the voltage on the word line WL<X>.

The size and type of capacitances in the proportioning circuit 120 mayin some embodiments be designed to keep an inverted state duringoperation. The capacitances 122, 124 may also be designed in someembodiments so that the voltage on the measurement node is approximatelyequal to or less than a supply voltage, such as VCC (e.g., 2.3V), inorder to avoid needing to use high voltage transistors in the comparator130, which is described in more detail below. The capacitances 122, 124may also in some embodiments reduce leakage from the measurement nodeDET<X> during a leakage measurement test. One or both of thecapacitances 122, 124 may in some embodiments be an nFET or pFET withthe source, gate, and drain nodes coupled to one another and forming afirst node of the capacitance, with the gate node forming the secondnode of the capacitance. In other embodiments, other forms ofcapacitances may be used. Furthermore, the measurement node DET<X> 128may in some embodiments be shielded, such as by positioning linesassociated with the measurement node DET<X> 228 between lines coupled toa reference voltage, such as ground.

The measurement node DET<X> 128 of each word line leakage circuit 110may further be coupled to a supply voltage source (with the supplyvoltage being VCC, which may be, e.g., 2.3V) through a switch 114. Theswitch 114 may in some embodiments be an nFET, and may receive a controlsignal V_(HV1) at a control node that enables or disables the switch.The control signal V_(HV1) may be an active high voltage signalgenerated in a voltage source and may, when active (at, e.g., 5V for theembodiment illustrated in FIG. 1), be some threshold above a supplyvoltage, such as VCC (with VCC being, e.g., 2.3V). The measurement nodeDET<X> 128 of each word line leakage circuit 110 may further be coupledto a positive input node 132 of a comparator 130, such as a differentialamplifier.

Also shown in FIG. 1 is a reference voltage generator 10. The referencevoltage generator 10 may comprise a voltage divider that generates areference voltage V_(REF) (e.g., 2.2V) that is some fraction of a supplyvoltage, such as VCC (e.g., 2.3V). The reference voltage generator 10may be constructed from, among other things, two resistances coupled inseries between a supply voltage source and a reference voltage node,such as ground, with the reference voltage V_(REF) being measured inbetween the two serially-coupled resistances. In other embodiments,however, the reference voltage generator may be constructed fromcapacitances. Generally, the voltage reference may be generated in anymanner. In some embodiments, the reference voltage generator isconfigurable to provide more than one reference voltage, for example inresponse to an external signal. The reference voltage V_(REF) generatedin the reference voltage generator may be provided to the negative inputnode 134 of the comparator 130 in the word line leakage circuit 110.

The comparator 130 of the word line leakage circuit 110 illustrated inFIG. 1 compares the voltage of the measurement node DET<X> 128 with thereference voltage V_(REF) and generates an output signal indicative ofthe comparison. The output of the comparator 130 may be a pass/failsignal indicating whether a word line's leakage current is acceptable orunacceptable during a leakage test of the word line, as explained inmore detail below.

In operation, a word line WL<X> 102 to be tested is charged to a highvoltage (e.g., 10V) by a high voltage source (not shown) and the switch112 is made conductive. The high voltage source may in some embodimentsbe the same circuitry that is used to program the word line WL<X> inresponse to a program command during normal operation (e.g., aprogramming voltage source), and the high voltage may be the programmingvoltage to which the word line is charged in response to the programcommand. In these embodiments, charging the word line WL<X> 102 to thesame high voltage as it is charged to during normal operations using thesame voltage source may model the high voltage biasing of the word lineduring normal operation. In FIG. 1, the switch 112, illustrated as annFET, is made conductive by providing an active V_(HV2) signal (at,e.g., 15V) at the switch's control node. The switch 114 is also madeconductive in order to charge the respective measurement node DET<X> toa supply voltage such as VCC (e.g., 2.3V) through, for example a supplyvoltage source. In FIG. 1, the switch 114, also illustrated as an nFET,is made conductive by providing an active V_(HV1) signal (at, e.g., 5V)at the switch's control node. Once the word line WL<X> to be tested ischarged to the high voltage and the respective measurement node DET<X>is charged to the supply voltage, the word line is disconnected from thehigh voltage source and the measurement node is disconnected from thesupply voltage source, and both the word line WL<X> and the measurementnode DET<X> are allowed to float. For example, the high voltage source(not shown in FIG. 1) charging the word line WL<X> may be decoupled fromthe word line, and the switch 114 may be made non-conductive in order todecouple the measurement node DET<X> from the supply voltage source,such as VCC.

When the word line WL<X> 102 is charged to a high voltage (e.g., 10V)and allowed to float, leakage current(s) may exist from word line WL<X>to other word lines (e.g., WL<X−1> and/or WL<X+1>) or elsewhere, such asan nwell. As current leaks from the world line WL<X> 102 being tested,the voltage on the word line will decrease in proportion to the leakagecurrent because the word line is not coupled to a voltage source toreplenish the charge that leaks away from the word line. The voltage onthe measurement node DET<X> 128 will decrease in proportion to thevoltage on the word line WL<X> 102 because of the proportioning circuit120, illustrated as a capacitive voltage divider in FIG. 1. Accordingly,the voltage provided to the positive input node 132 of the comparator130 will decrease in proportion to the amount of current that leaks fromthe word line WL<X> to other word lines or elsewhere.

If the voltage provided to the positive input node 132 falls below thereference voltage provided to the negative input node 134, thecomparator 130 will output a signal indicating that the voltage on themeasurement node DET<X> is less than the reference voltage V_(REF). Ifthe voltage provided to the positive input node 132 is not less than thereference voltage provided to the negative input node 134, thecomparator 130 will output a signal indicating that the voltage on themeasurement node DET<X> is not less than the reference voltage V_(REF).The output signal from the comparator 130 may be monitored during aleakage current test for a particular (e.g., predetermined) length oftime. If the output signal indicates that the voltage on the measurementnode DET<X> is less than the reference voltage V_(REF) after theparticular length of time, the word line WL<X> 102 leakage current istoo great and the word line WL<X> fails the test. If the output signalindicates that the voltage on the measurement node DET<X> is not lessthan the reference voltage V_(REF) after the particular length of time,the word line WL<X> 102 leakage current is acceptable and the word lineWL<X> passes the test. The timing of the input signals and the outputsignals during a particular leakage test is described below in moredetail in connection with FIGS. 2 through 5B.

FIG. 2 illustrates an apparatus that includes a word line leakagemeasurement system 200 with three word lines WL<0> 202(0), WL<1> 202(1),WL<2> 202(2) in a device, although any number of word lines may be used.Each word line WL<0> 202(0), WL<1> 202(1), WL<2> 202(2) has a respectiveword line leakage circuit 210(0), 210(1), 210(2), as described above. Asillustrated in FIG. 2, a single reference voltage generator 206 mayprovide a reference voltage V_(REF) to all of the comparators 230(0),230(1), 230(2). In other embodiments, a plurality of reference voltagegenerators may provide one or more local comparators with a referencevoltage. The word line leakage measurement system 200 illustrated inFIG. 2 also includes logic 240. Logic 240 may be used to combine theoutput of one or more comparators 230(0), 230(1), 230(2) and generate apass/fail signal or signals indicative of whether the device as a wholeor the individual word lines have an acceptable or unacceptable amountof leakage current. In some embodiments, logic 240 may be one or moreAND gates, a multiplexer, and so forth. Furthermore, some embodimentsmay not have logic 240, but rather may provide each of the plurality ofcomparator output signals to a leakage measurement system controller(not shown).

FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate one example of operation of the word lineleakage measurement system 200. In FIG. 3, the word line leakagemeasurement system 200 is initialized to test for leakage current onword line WL<1> 202(1). Word line WL<1> 202(1) is charged to 10V by ahigh voltage source (not shown), while word lines WL<0> 202(0) and WL<2>202(2) are charged to 0V. Switch 212(1), illustrated as an nFET, is madeconductive by providing 15V to the control node of the switch in orderto couple the word line WL<1> 202(1) to the word line leakage circuit210(1). Switch 214(1), also illustrated as an nFET, is made conductiveby providing 5V to the control node of the switch in order to charge themeasurement node DET<1> 228(1) to a supply voltage, such as VCC, whichis 2.3V in the circuit illustrated in FIG. 3.

Following the initialization illustrated in FIG. 3, all of the wordlines WL<2> 202(2), WL<1> 202(1), WL<0> 202(0) are decoupled fromvoltage sources and allowed to float, as illustrated in FIG. 4. Also,the measurement node DET<1> 228(1) is decoupled from the supply voltagesource by making switch 214(1) non-conductive (by providing 0V to thecontrol node of the switch), thus allowing the measurement node DET<1>to float. Switch 212(1) remains conductive in order to continue couplingthe word line WL<1> 202(1) to the measurement node DET<1> 228(1) via theproportioning circuit 220(1). After the word line WL<1> 202(1) and themeasurement node DET<1> 228(1) are charged and then decoupled from thehigh voltage source and supply voltage source, respectively, and allowedto float, some leakage current, if any, may leak from word line WL<1>,for example, to the neighboring word lines WL<2> 202(2) and/or WL<0>202(0), or to other areas. If word line WL<1> 202(1) has some leakagecurrent, the voltage on the word line WL<1> as well as the correspondingvoltage on the measurement node DET<1> 228(1) may begin to decrease. Thevoltage on the measurement node DET<1> 228(1) may be compared with thereference voltage V_(REF) in a comparator 230(1), which may output asignal indicating whether the word line WL<1> 202(1) passed or failedthe word line leakage current test.

Although FIGS. 3 and 4 have illustrated testing one word line, WL<1>202(1), for leakage current in a particular failure model (i.e.,WL<X+1>=0V, WL<X>=10V, WL<X−1>=0V), many other leakage current tests arepossible using the word line leakage measurement system 200. Forexample, multiple word lines may be tested simultaneously, and/or one ormore word lines may be tested in different failure models than thatdescribed above. For example, even word lines could be charged to 10V,while odd word lines are charged to 0V. As another example even wordlines could be charged to 10V, odd word lines are charged to 5V. Manydifferent leakage tests are possible using the word line leakagemeasurement system 200 illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, includingsimultaneous, overlapping, and sequential leakage measurement onmultiple or individual word lines.

FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate the timing and voltages of the operation ofthe word line leakage measurement system 200 illustrated in FIGS. 2through 4. As in FIGS. 3 and 4, measurement of leakage current from wordline WL<1> 202(1) in the failure model described above is used as anexample. Other word lines (WL<2> 202(2), WL<0> 202(0), etc.) maysimilarly be tested using the word line leakage measurement system 200.

FIG. 5A illustrates the timing of several signals over a period of timeand FIG. 5B illustrates the corresponding voltage on the word line WL<1>202(1) and the measurement node DET<1> 228(1) over the same period oftime. At a first time, t₀, the measurement start signal is low and theV_(HV1) signal transitions from a logical low (e.g., 0V) to a logicalhigh (e.g., 5V) in order to charge the measurement node DET<1> 228 to asupply voltage, such as VCC (e.g., 2.3V) by a supply voltage source. Attime t₀, the V_(HV2) signal also transitions from a logical low (e.g.,0V) to a logical high (e.g., 15V) in order to couple the word line WL<1>202(1) to the proportioning circuit 220(1). At or before time t₀, theword line WL<1> 202(1) begins charging to a high voltage (e.g., 10V) bya high voltage source. At time t₁, the word line WL<1> 202(1) and themeasurement node DET<1> 228 are fully charged. As illustrated in FIG.5B, the word line WL<1> 202(1) voltage transitions to a high voltage(e.g., 10V) between time t₀ and time t₁, and the measurement node DET<1>228 voltage transitions to a supply voltage, such as VCC (e.g., 2.3V)during the same time.

At time t₂, the V_(HV1) signal transitions from a logical high to alogical low, thus making switch 214(1) nonconductive in order todecouple the measurement node DET<1> 228(1) from the supply voltagesource, such as VCC. Also at time t₂, the word line WL<1> 202(1) isdecoupled from the high voltage source that charged the word line to ahigh voltage. Thus both the word line WL<1> and the measurement nodeDET<1> 228(1) are left floating beginning at time t₂. At time t₃, whichin some embodiments may be, for example, 1 μs after time t₂, themeasurement start signal transitions from a logical low to a logicalhigh, thus signaling that a word line leakage measurement test isbeginning.

At time t₄ in the example illustrated in FIG. 5B with a solid line, thevoltage on the measurement node DET<1> 228(1) decreases below V_(REF).At time t₅, which may be a time after time t₄, a determination is madeas to whether the word line leakage test failed or passed. In theexample illustrated with a solid line in FIG. 5B, the word line WL<1>202(1) failed the leakage test because the voltage on the measurementnode DET<1> 228(1) decreased below V_(REF) before time t₅. In theexample illustrated in FIG. 5B with a dotted line, the voltage on themeasurement node DET<1> 228(1) does not decrease below V_(REF) before orat time t₅, and thus the dotted line represents a word line that passedthe leakage test. As can be seen in FIG. 5B, the voltage on themeasurement node DET<1> 228(1) is generally proportional to the voltageon the word line WL<1> 202(1). This is due to the proportioning circuit220(1), illustrated as a capacitive voltage divider in FIGS. 2 through4.

FIG. 6A illustrates an apparatus that includes a word line leakagecircuit 610 according to an embodiment of the invention. Also shown inFIG. 6A is a reference voltage generator 10, which generates a referencevoltage V_(REF). The word line leakage measurement circuit 610illustrated in FIG. 6A may be similar in structure and operation to theword line leakage circuit 110 illustrated in FIG. 1, and the word lineleakage measurement system 200 illustrated in FIGS. 2 through 4, exceptthat the word line leakage circuit 610 illustrated in FIG. 6Aadditionally includes a compensation circuit 650.

The compensation circuit 650 of the word line leakage circuit 610 inFIG. 6A may compensate for noise on measurement node DET<X> 628. Forexample, the transitioning of switch 614 from being conductive to beingnon-conductive during a leakage current test (similar to thetransitioning of switches 114 and 214 from being conductive to beingnon-conductive, as described above), may introduce some switching noiseto the measurement node DET<X> 628, which may in some cases alter thevoltage on the measurement node. For example, if the measurement nodeDET<X> 628 is charged to a supply voltage of 2.3V (as in FIGS. 3 and 4),the transitioning of switch 614 may reduce the voltage on themeasurement node from 2.3V to 2.2V. This decreased voltage may lead toimproper results during a leakage current test, particularly if, asabove, the reference voltage is 2.2V. Accordingly, compensation circuit650 may compensate for noise on the measurement node DET<X> 228 (e.g.,by counteracting the effect of the noise).

FIG. 6B illustrates an embodiment of a compensation circuit 650configured to compensate for switching noise encountered on the DET<X>line during a conductive-to-non-conductive transition of a switch asdescribed above. In the compensation circuit 650 in FIG. 6B, a switch652 receives the complement of the V_(HV1) signal at its control node.As a result, as switch 614 transitions from conductive tonon-conductive, switch 652 transitions from non-conductive toconductive. In this manner, the switch 652 may compensate for noiseintroduced by the transition of switch 614. Although FIG. 6B illustratesan embodiment of a compensation circuit 650, other embodiments of acompensation circuit may also be used in the word line leakage circuit610.

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a memory 710 including a word lineleakage measurement system 720 in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention. The word line leakage measurement system 720 mayinclude the word line leakage measurement system 200 of FIGS. 2 through4, the word line leakage circuit 110 of FIG. 1, or the word line leakagecircuit 610 of FIG. 6. The word line leakage measurement system 720 inmemory 710 may be coupled to word lines (not shown) of the memory 710.The leakage measurement system 720 may charge one or more word lines toa high voltage and measure a leakage current from one or more word linesvia one or more measurement nodes proportionally coupled to the wordline(s) to determine if the leakage current(s) is (are) acceptable, asdescribed above.

In one embodiment, the word line leakage measurement system 720 in thememory 710 may receive one or more external signals through one or moreinput/output nodes 730. Based on the decoding of this external signal orsignals, the word line leakage measurement system 720 may select one ormore of the word lines to be tested with a specified thresholdvoltage/current during a specified period of time. For example, the wordline leakage measurement system 720 may initially test for a leakagecurrent at a specified threshold over a specified period of time on afirst word line. The word line leakage memory system 720 may then testother word lines for leakage current and/or test the first word line fora leakage current using a different threshold or over a different (e.g.,shorter or longer) period of time. If during the one or more leakagecurrent tests, the leakage current on one or more of the word lines ofthe memory 710 is determined to be, for example, unacceptable, the wordline leakage measurement system 720 may output a signal indicating thatthe one or more word lines failed the leakage current test via theinput/output node 730.

Accordingly, during a manufacturing process the memory 710 may receiveone or more external signals through the one or more input/output nodes730, and each of the one or more external signals may then initiate oneor more word line leakage tests in the memory 710 using one or morethresholds over one or more lengths of time. At the end of each of theone or more leakage tests, the word line leakage measurement system 720may generate a PASS/FAIL signal, as described above, which may be madeavailable at and accessible externally through one or more input/outputnodes 730, the signals indicating whether the individual word lines orthe memory 710 as a whole has passed the one or more particular leakagetest(s).

In another embodiment, the word line leakage measurement system 720 inthe memory 710 may automatically run a series of leakage tests, whichmay be controlled for example, by a state machine (not shown), which mayin some embodiments, be internal to the memory 710. Accordingly, whenthe series of leakage tests are completed, the word line leakagemeasurement system 720 may have measured the leakage current on each ofthe word lines of the memory 710. Furthermore, the result of each of theseries of tests may be accessible externally through one or moreinput/output nodes 730. Therefore, by incorporating a built-in leakagemeasurement system, such as the word line leakage measurement system720, in memory devices, the leakage current on the word lines of memorydevices may be automatically measured without the use of an externalleakage measurement instrument. Consequently, the manufacturing cycleand the overall product cost may be reduced in some examples.

FIG. 8 illustrates portions of a memory 800 including a leakagemeasurement system according to an embodiment of the present invention.The memory 800 includes an array 830 of memory cells. The memory cellsmay be NAND flash memory cells, but may also be NOR flash, DRAM, SDRAM,or any other type of memory cells. Command signals, address signals andwrite data signals may be provided to the memory 800 as sets ofsequential input/output (“I/O”) signals transmitted through an I/O bus834. Similarly, read data signals may be provided from the flash memory800 through the I/O bus 834. The I/O bus is connected to an I/O controlunit 840 that routes the signals between the I/O bus 834 and an internaldata bus 808, an internal address bus 844, and an internal command bus846. The memory 800 also includes a control logic unit 850 that receivesa number of control signals either externally or through the command bus846 to control the operation of the memory 800.

The address bus 844 applies block-row address signals to a row decoder860 and column address signals to a column decoder 864. The row decoder860 and column decoder 864 may be used to select blocks of memory ormemory cells for memory operations, for example, read, program, anderase operations. The column decoder 864 enables write data signals tobe applied to columns of memory corresponding to the column addresssignals and allow read data signals to be coupled from columnscorresponding to the column address signals.

In response to the memory commands decoded by the control logic unit850, the memory cells in the array 830 are read, programmed, or erased.Read, program, and erase circuits 868 coupled to the memory array 830receive control signals from the control logic unit 850 and includevoltage sources for generating various voltages for read, program anderase operations.

After the row address signals have been applied to the address bus 844,the I/O control unit 840 routes write data signals to a cache register870. The write data signals are stored in the cache register 870 insuccessive sets each having a size corresponding to the width of the I/Obus 834. The cache register 870 sequentially stores the sets of writedata signals for an entire page (e.g., an entire row or a portion of arow) of memory cells in the array 830. All of the stored write datasignals are then used to program a page of memory cells in the array 830selected by the block-row address coupled through the address bus 844.In a similar manner, during a read operation, data signals from a readpage of memory cells selected by the block-row address coupled throughthe address bus 844 are stored in a data register 880. Sets of datasignals corresponding in size to the width of the I/O bus 834 are thensequentially transferred through the I/O control unit 840 from the dataregister 880 to the I/O bus 834.

The memory 800 illustrated in FIG. 8 also includes a word line leakagemeasurement system 890. The word line leakage measurement system mayinclude, for example, the word line leakage circuit 110 of FIG. 1, theleakage measurement system 200 of FIGS. 2 through 4, or the word lineleakage circuit 610 of FIG. 6. The word line leakage measurement system890 of the memory 800 may in some embodiments be coupled to one or moreinput/output nodes 892, as illustrated in FIG. 8. In other embodiments,however the word line leakage measurement system 890 may be coupled toinput/output nodes via the I/O bus 834. The word line leakage circuits(not shown) of the word line leakage measurement system 890 may becoupled to the word lines of the memory array 830 in some embodiments.Furthermore, the voltage source or sources in the read, program, anderase circuits 868 may provide high voltages to the word line leakagecircuits of the word line leakage measurement system 890 in someembodiments, although in other embodiments a different voltage source orsources may provide the high voltages to the word line leakage circuits.

From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specificembodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes ofillustration, various modifications may be made without deviating fromthe spirit and scope of the invention. For example, although FIG. 1illustrates the proportioning circuit 120 as two capacitances 122, 124,the proportioning circuit may comprise circuit elements in addition to,or in place of the two capacitances 122, 124. Also, the word lineleakage circuit 110 may include additional enable switches (not shown)and/or discharge or initialization circuits (not shown). A dischargecircuit, for example, may ground a portion of a word line WL<X> 102within the word line leakage circuit 110 when the word line leakagecircuit is not in a test mode.

The various voltages in the embodiments described above may also vary.For example, a supply voltage (such as VCC), may be 2.3V in someinstances, or may be 1.2V, 3.6V, 5V, etc. in other instances. Also, thehigh voltage used to charge one or more word lines, or the high voltageused to enable or disable the switches 112, 114 in FIG. 1 may vary andmay be, for example, 8V, 10V, 15V, etc.

Furthermore, the memory illustrated in FIG. 8 may be implemented in anyof a variety of products employing processors and/or memory includingfor example cameras, phones, wireless devices, displays, chip sets, settop boxes, gaming systems, vehicles, and appliances. Also, the inventionis not limited to memories such as NAND flash, but rather is generallyapplicable to memory (including, for example, cache memory, DRAM, etc.)and other semiconductor devices. Accordingly, the invention is notlimited except as by the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: comparing a voltage of ameasurement node with a reference voltage to determine whether leakageof a word line exceeds a threshold; compensating for noise encounteredon the word line; and providing a signal indicative of the comparison.2. The method of claim 1, wherein the noise encountered on the word lineis introduced by a switch transitioning from conductive tonon-conductive.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein compensating for noiseencountered on the word line comprises transitioning a compensationswitch from non-conductive to conductive.
 4. The method of claim 2,wherein compensating for noise further comprises compensating for adecrease in voltage due to the switch transition.
 5. The method of claim1, wherein the signal indicates failing a word line leakage testresponsive to the leakage of the word line exceeding the threshold. 6.An apparatus, comprising: a word line leakage measurement system coupledto word lines of a memory, the word line leakage measurement systemincluding a comparator configured to compare a voltage of a measurementnode to a reference voltage to test for leakage current, and furtherincluding a compensation circuit configured to compensate for noise fromdecoupling the measurement node from a supply voltage source; whereinthe word line leakage measurement system is configured to automaticallyruns series of leakage tests for the word lines of the memory.
 7. Theapparatus of claim 6, further comprising a state machine coupled to theword line leakage measurement system.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7wherein the state machine is configured to control the series of leakagetests.
 9. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the word line leakagemeasurement system is internal to the memory.
 10. The apparatus of claim9, further comprising one or more input/output nodes coupled to the wordline leakage measurement system.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10, whereinresults of the series of leakage tests are accessible externally throughthe one or more input/output nodes.
 12. The apparatus of claim 6,wherein the series of leakage tests indicate whether leakage of a wordline of the memory exceeds a threshold.
 13. The apparatus of claim 6wherein the word line leakage measurement system further includes acapacitive voltage divider coupled to the measurement node.
 14. Theapparatus of claim 6 wherein the word line leakage measurement systemfurther includes a proportioning circuit coupled to the measurementnode.
 15. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the compensation circuit ofthe word line leakage measurement system comprises a switch.
 16. Amethod comprising: decoupling a word line charged to a first voltagefrom a first voltage source; decoupling a measurement node charged to asecond voltage from a supply voltage source; compensating for noise onthe word line caused by decoupling the measurement node; comparing avoltage on the measurement node with a reference voltage; and providinga signal having a value based on the comparison.
 17. The method of claim16, further comprising: capacitively coupling the word line to themeasurement node; and capacitively coupling the measurement node toground.
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein decoupling the measurementnode from the supply voltage comprises transitioning a switch from beingconductive to being non-conductive and wherein compensating for noise onthe word line caused by decoupling the measurement node comprisestransitioning another switch coupled to the measurement node from beingnon-conductive to being conductive.
 19. The method of claim 16, furthercomprising: decoupling an adjacent word line at ground concurrently withdecoupling the word line charged to the first voltage from the firstvoltage source.
 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising:decoupling other word lines, decoupling other measurement nodes,compensating for noise on the other word lines, comparing a respectivevoltage on the other measurement nodes with the reference voltage, andproviding a respective signal having a value based on the respectivecomparison.